Application of the Scientific Method Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Application of the Scientific Method - Assignment Example Which is the best detergent to use when cleaning dirty clothes? Many detergents exist all for the purpose of cleaning. Some have the best advertisements and are thus popular; others have the chemicals that clean clothes without much effort, while others have negative effects on the user’s skin when frequently used. Some detergents are also used not only because of the effectiveness in cleaning but because they have fair prices and are cheaply available to many. Liquid detergent cleans clothes faster and more thorough than powder detergent. To prove this hypothesis, both types of detergents have to be used on the same type of cloth containing an equal amount of dirt or stains and under the same environmental conditions in terms of temperature of water used and also the type of the water itself, whether soft or hard. Such conditions ensure that the detergents are tested on fairgrounds and that the results obtained can be reliable when it comes to making conclusions on the best detergent. Testing this hypothesis is important in making comprehensive conclusions. To test the hypothesis, a piece of clothing of a reasonable size, say one square meter, could be dirtied with mud, oil, food spills and colored fluids. These should be evenly distributed on the piece of clothing to ensure that every part gets an equal share of dirt. The clothing could then be cut into two pieces, each of equal size. Water from the same source should be put in two different buckets. The powder detergent could be dissolved in one bucket and the liquid detergent in the other. The two dirty pieces of cloth should be soaked into the two buckets for the same amount of time. The amount of dirt removed from the pieces of cloth by soaking should be compared. The pieces of cloth could then be hand washed in the detergent and the amount of time and effort taken to clean each noted.

Humanity Essay Example for Free

Humanity Essay Isa siya sa mga ninuno ng makabagong Filipinong maikling katha sa Ingles. Siya ang nanguna sa pagpapalawak ng maikling katha bilang matulaing anyo. Kaniyang ipinagkakapuri ang likhang-isip sapagkat naipapakita nito ang katotohanan at naipriprisinta ang realidad. Siya ay naging mapangahas sa pagtuklas ng mga anyo ng sanaysay upang maipahayag ang talas ng pakiramdam ng mga Filipino. Dahil sa galing ng kaniyang mga kamay sa pagsulat, ang kaniyang mga likha ay siya na ngayong ginagamit ng mga mag-aaral sa kolehiyo. In 1932 Arcellana entered the University of the Philippines (UP) as a pre-medicine student and graduated in 1939 with a bachelor of philosophy in degree. In his junior year, mainly because of the publication of his â€Å"trilogy of the turtles† in the Literary Apprentice, Arcellana was invited to join the UP Writers Club by Manuel Arguilla – who at that time was already a campus literary figure. In 1934, he edited and published Expression, a quarterly of experimental writing. It caught the attention of Jose Garcia Villa who started a correspondence with Arcellana. It also spawned the Veronicans, a group of 13 pre-WWII who rebelled against traditional forms and themes in Philippine literature. Arcellana went on to medical school after receiving his bachelors degree while holding jobs in Herald Midweek Magazine, where his weekly column â€Å"Art and Life† (later retitled â€Å"Life and Letters†) appeared, and in Philcross, the publication of the Philippine Red Cross. The war stopped his schooling. After the war, he continued working in media and publishing and began a career in the academe. He was manager of the International News Service and the editor of This Week. He joined the UP Department of English and Comparative Literature and served as adviser of the Philippine Collegian and director of the UP Creative Writing Center, 1979- 1982. Under a Rockefeller Foundation grant he became a fellow in creative writing, 1956- 1957, at the University of Iowa and Breadloaf Writers Conference. In 1932 Arcellana published his first story. â€Å"The Man Who Could Be Poe† in Graphic while still a student at Torres High School. The following year two of his short stories, â€Å"Death is a Factory† and â€Å"Lina,† were included in Jose Garcia Villas honor roll. During the 1930s, which he calls his most productive period, he wrote his most significant stories including, â€Å"Now Sleeps the Crimson Petal† cited in 1938 by Villa as the years best. He also began writing poetry at this time, many of them appearing in Philippine Collegian, Graphic and Herald Midweek Magazine. Some of his works have been translated into Tagalog, Malaysian, Italian, German and Russian, and many have been anthologized. But his homecomingfrom a trip to the Southwas fated to be more memorable than, say, of the others. He had written from Mariveles: I have just met a marvelous matweavera real artistand I shall have a surprise for you. I asked him to weave a sleeping-mat for every one of the family. He is using many different colors and for each mat the dominant color is that of our respective birthstones. I am sure that the children will be very pleased. I know you will be. I can hardly wait to show them to you. Nana Emilia read the letter that morning, and again and again every time she had a chance to leave the kitchen. In the evening when all the children were home from school she asked her oldest son, Jose, to read the letter at dinner table. The children became very much excited about the mats, and talked about them until late into the night. This she wrote her husband when she labored over a reply to him. For days after that, mats continued to be the chief topic of conversation among the children. Finally, from Lopez, Mr. Angeles wrote again: I am taking the Bicol Express tomorrow. I have the mats with me, and they are beautiful. God willing, I shall be home to join you at dinner. The letter was read aloud during the noon meal. Talk about the mats flared up again like wildfire. I like the feel of mats, Antonio, the third child, said. I like the smell of new mats. Oh, but these mats are different, interposed Susanna, the fifth child. They have our names woven into them, and in our ascribed colors, too. The children knew what they were talking about: they knew just what a decorative mat was like; it was not anything new or strange in their experience. That was why they were so excited about the matter. They had such a mat in the house, one they seldom used, a mat older than any one of them. This mat had been given to Nana Emilia by her mother when she and Mr. Angeles were married, and it had been with them ever since. It had served on the wedding night, and had not since been used except on special occasions. It was a very beautiful mat, not really meant to be ordinarily used. It had green leaf borders, and a lot of gigantic red roses woven into it. In the middle, running the whole length of the mat, was the lettering: Emilia y Jaime Recuerdo. The letters were in gold. Nana Emilia always kept that mat in her trunk. When any one of the family was taken ill, the mat was brought out and the patient slept on it, had it all to himself. Every one of the children had some time in their lives slept on it; not a few had slept on it more than once. Most of the times the mat was kept in Nana Emilias trunk, and when it was taken out and spread on the floor the children were always around to watch. At first there had been only Nana Emilia to see the mat spread. Then a childa girlwatched with them. The number of watchers increased as more children came. The mat did not seem to age. It seemed to Nana Emilia always as new as when it had been laid on the nuptial bed. To the children it seemed as new as the first time it was spread before them. The folds and creases always new and fresh . The smell was always the smell of a new mat. Watching the intricate design was an endless joy. The childrens pleasure at the golden letters even before they could work out the meaning was boundless. Somehow they were always pleasantly shocked by the sight of the mat: so delicate and so consummate the artistry of its weave. Now, taking out that mat to spread had become a kind of ritual. The process had become associated with illness in the family. Illness, even serious illness, had not been infrequent. There had been deaths In the evening Mr. Angeles was with his family. He had brought the usual things home with him. There was a lot of fruits, as always (his itinerary carried him through the fruit-growing provinces): pineapples, lanzones, chicos, atis, santol, sandia, guyabano, avocado, according to the season. He had also brought home a jar of preserved sweets from Lopez. Putting away the fruit, sampling them, was as usual accomplished with animation and lively talk. Dinner was a long affair. Mr. Angeles was full of stories about his trip but would interrupt his tales with: I could not sleep nights thinking of the young ones. They should never be allowed to play in the treets. And you older ones should not stay out too late at night. The stories petered out and dinner was over. Putting away the dishes and wiping the dishes and wiping the table clean did not at all seem tedious. Yet Nana and the children, although they did not show it, were all on edge about the mats. Finally, after a long time over his cigar, Mr. Angeles rose from his seat at the he ad of the table and crossed the room to the corner where his luggage had been piled. From the heap he disengaged a ponderous bundle. Taking it under one arm, he walked to the middle of the room where the light was brightest. He dropped the bundle and, bending over and balancing himself on his toes, he strained at the cord that bound it. It was strong, it would not break, it would not give way. He tried working at the knots. His fingers were clumsy, they had begun shaking. He raised his head, breathing heavily, to ask for the scissors. Alfonso, his youngest boy, was to one side of him with the scissors ready. Nana Emilia and her eldest girl who had long returned from the kitchen were watching the proceedings quietly. One swift movement with the scissors, snip! and the bundle was loose. Turning to Nana Emilia, Mr. Angeles joyfully cried: These are the mats, Miling. Mr. Angeles picked up the topmost mat in the bundle. This, I believe, is yours, Miling. Nana Emilia stepped forward to the light, wiping her still moist hands against the folds of her skirt, and with a strange young shyness received the mat. The children watched the spectacle silently and then broke into delighted, though a little self-conscious, laughter. Nana Emilia unfolded the mat without a word. It was a beautiful mat: to her mind, even more beautiful than the one she received from her mother on her wedding. There was a name in the very center of it: EMILIA. The letters were large, done in green. Flowerscadena-de-amorwere woven in and out among the letters. The border was a long winding twig of cadena-de-amor. The children stood about the spreading mat. The air was punctuated by their breathless exclamations of delight. It is beautiful, Jaime; it is beautiful! Nana Emilias voice broke, and she could not say any more. And this, I know, is my own, said Mr. Angeles of the next mat in the bundle. The mat was rather simply decorated, the design almost austere, and the only colors used were purple and gold. The letters of the name Jaime were in purple. And this, for your, Marcelina. Marcelina was the oldest child. She had always thought her name too long; it had been one of her worries with regard to the mat. How on earth are they going to weave all of the letters of my name into my mat? she had asked of almost everyone in the family. Now it delighted her to see her whole name spelled out on the mat, even if the letters were a little small. Besides, there was a device above her name which pleased Marcelina very much. It was in the form of a lyre, finely done in three colors. Marcelina was a student of music and was quite a proficient pianist. And this is for you, Jose. Jose was the second child. He was a medical student already in the third year of medical school. Over his name the symbol of Aesculapius was woven into the matYou are not to use this mat until the year of your internship, Mr. Angeles was saying. This is yours, Antonia. And this is yours, Juan. And this is yours, Jesus. Mat after mat was unfolded. On each of the childrens mats there was somehow an appropriate device. At least all the children had been shown their individual mats. The air was filled with their excited talk, and through it all Mr. Angeles was saying over and over again in his deep voice:You are not to use these mats until you go to the University. Then Nana Emilia noticed bewilderingly that there were some more mats remaining to be unfolded. But Jaime, Nana Emilia said, wondering, with evident repudiation, there are some more mats. Only Mr. Angeles seemed to have heard Nana Emilias words. He suddenly stopped talking, as if he had been jerked away from a pleasant fantasy. A puzzled, reminiscent look came into his eyes, superseding the deep and quiet delight that had been briefly there, and when he spoke his voice was different. Yes, Emilia, said Mr. Angeles, There are three more mats to unfold. The others who arent here Nana Emilia caught her breath; there was a swift constriction in her throat; her face paled and she could not say anything. The self-centered talk of the children also died. There was a silence as Mr. Angeles picked up the first of the remaining mats and began slowly unfolding it. The mat was al most as austere in design as Mr. Angeles own, and it had a name. There was no symbol or device above the name; only a blank space, emptiness. The children knew the name. But somehow the name, the letters spelling the name, seemed strange to them. Then Nana Emilia found her voice. You know, Jaime, you didnt have to, Nana Emilia said, her voice hurt and surely frightened. Mr. Angeles held his tears back; there was something swift and savage in the movement. Do you think Id forgotten? Do you think I had forgotten them? Do you think I could forget them? This is for you, Josefina! And this is for you, Victoria! And this is for you, Concepcion. Mr. Angeles called the names rather than uttered them. Dont, Jaime, please dont, was all that Nana Emilia managed to say. Is it fair to forget them? Would it be just to disregard them? Mr. Angeles demanded rather than asked. His voice had risen shrill, almost hysterical; it was also stern and sad, and somehow vindictive. Mr. Angeles had spoken almost as if he were a stranger. Also, he had spoken as if from a deep, grudgingly-silent, long-bewildered sorrow. The children heard the words exploding in the silence. They wanted to turn away and not see the face of their father. But they could neither move nor look away; his eyes held them, his voice held them where they were. They seemed rooted to the spot. Nana Emilia shivered once or twice, bowed her head, and gripped her clasped hands between her thighs. There was a terrible hush. The remaining mats were unfolded in silence. The names which were with infinite slowness revealed, seemed strange and stranger still; the colors not bright but deathly dull; the separate letters, spelling out the names of the dead among them, did not seem to glow or shine with a festive sheen as did the other living names.

Objectives of Standard Costing

Objectives of Standard Costing What is the definition of standard costing? Standard costing is the system of using standard costs. Standard costing involves using the predetermined costs/standard costs to compare with the actual to find the difference or variance. Variance can be adverse (actual result is worse than standard) or favorable (actual result is better than standard). An adverse variance tells management that if everything else stays constant the companys actual profit will be less than planned. Whereas, a favorable variance tells management that if everything else stays constant the actual profit will likely exceed the planned profit. What are the major objectives of standards costing? What are types of cost standards? The standard is the level of attainment accepted by management as the basis upon which standard costs are determined. There are four different standards to consider which are current standard, ideal standard, basic standard and normal standard. A current standard is a standard which is established for use over a short period of time and is related to current condition. It reflects the performance that should be attained during the current period. The period for current standard is normally one year. It is presumed that conditions of production will remain unchanged. In case there is any change in price or manufacturing condition, the standards are also revised. Current standard may be ideal standard and expected standard. However, ideal standard is the standard which represents a high level of efficiency. Ideal standard is fixed on the assumption that favorable conditions will prevail and management will be at its best. The price paid for materials will be lowest and wastes etc. will be minimum possible. The labor time for making the production will be minimum and rates of wages will also be low. The overheads expenses are also set with maximum efficiency in mind. All the conditions, both internal and external, should be favorable and only then ideal standard will be achieved. Ideal standard is fixed on the assumption of those conditions which may rarely exist. This standard is not practicable and may not be achieved. Though this standard may not be achieved, even then an effort is made. The deviation between targets and actual performance is ignorable. In practice, ideal standard has an adverse effect on the employees. They do not try to reach the standard because the standards are not considered realistic. Third standard which is basic standard may be defined as a standard which is established for use for an indefinite period which may a long period. Basic standard is established for a long period and is not adjusted to the preset conations. The same standard remains in force for a long period. These standards are revised only on the changes in specification of material and technology productions. It is indeed just like a number against which subsequent process changes can be measured. Basic standard enables the measurement of changes in costs. For example, if the basic cost for material is Rs. 20 per unit and the current price is Rs. 25 per unit, it will show an increase of 25% in the cost of materials. The changes in manufacturing costs can be measured by taking basic standard, as a base standard cannot serve as a tool for cost control purpose because the standard is not revised for a long time. The deviation between standard cost and actual cost cannot be used as a yardstick for measuring efficiency. The last one is normal standard. As per terminology, normal standard has been defined as a standard which, it is anticipated, can be attained over a future period of time, preferably long enough to cover one trade cycle. This standard is based on the conditions which will cover a future period of five years, concerning one trade cycle. If a normal cycle of ups and downs in sales and production is 10 years, then standard will be set on average sales and production which will cover all the years. The standard attempts to cover variance in the production from one time to another time. An average is taken from the periods of recession and depression. The normal standard concept is theoretical and cannot be used for cost control purpose. Normal standard can be properly applied for absorption of overhead cost over a long period of time. What are the advantages and disadvantages of standard costing system? Standard costing have several advantages. First advantage of standard costing is as a key element in a management by exception approach. If costs remain within the standards, managers can focus on other issues. When costs fall significantly outside the standards, managers are alerted that there may be problems requiring attention. This approach helps managers focus on important issues. Second advantage is standard costing is standards that are viewed as reasonable by employees can promote economy and efficiency. They provide benchmarks that individuals can use to judge their own performance. Besides that, standard costs can greatly simplify bookkeeping. Instead of recording actual costs for each job, the standard costs for materials, labor, and overhead can be charged to jobs. Last but not least, standard costs fit naturally in an integrated system of responsibility accounting. The standards establish what costs should be, who should be responsible for them, and what actual costs are under control. However, the use of standard costs can present a number of potential problems or disadvantages. Most of these problems result from improper use of standard costs and the management by exception principle or from using standard costs in situations in which they are not appropriate. Standard cost variance reports are usually prepared on a monthly basis and often are released days or even weeks after the end of the month. As a consequence, the information in the reports may be so stale that it is almost useless. Timely, frequent reports that are approximately correct are better than infrequent reports that are very precise but out of date by the time they are released. Some companies are now reporting variances and other key operating data daily or even more frequently. Besides that, if managers are insensitive and use variance reports as a club, morale may suffer. Employees should receive positive reinforcement for work well done. Management by exception, by its nature , tends to focus on the negative. If variances are used as a club, subordinates may be tempted to cover up unfavorable variances or take actions that are not in the best interest of the company to make sure the variances are favorable. For example, workers may put on a crash effort to increase output at the end of the month to avoid an unfavorable labor efficiency variance. In the rush to produce output quality may suffer. In some cases, a favorable variance can be as bad as or worse than an unfavorable variance. For example, McDonalds has a standard for the amount of hamburger meat that should be in a Big Mac. A favorable variance would mean that less meat was used than standard specifies. The result is a substandard Big Mac and possibly an unsatisfied customer. Another problem of using standard costing, there may be a tendency with standard cost reporting systems to emphasize meeting the standards to the exclusion of other important objectives such as maintaining and improving qua lity, on-time delivery, and customer satisfaction. This tendency can be reduced by using supplemental performance measures that focus on these other objectives. Just meeting standards may not be sufficient; continual improvement may be necessary to survive in the current competitive environment. For this reason, some companies focus on the trends in the standard cost variances aiming for continual improvement rather than just meeting the standards. In other companies, engineered standards are being replaced either by a rolling average of actual costs, which is expected to decline, or by very challenging target costs. In sum, managers should exercise considerable care in their use of a standard cost system. It is particularly important that managers go out of their way to focus on the positive, rather than just on the negative, and to be aware of possible unintended consequences. Nevertheless standard costs are still found in the vast majority of manufacturing companies and in many service companies, although their use is changing. For evaluating performance, standard cost variances may be supplanted in the future by a particularly interesting development known as the balanced scorecard. How standard costs are sets? Standards should be set for the quantities and prices of materials, labour and services to be consumed in performing each operation associated with a product. Product standard costs are derived by listing and adding the standard costs of operations required to produce a particular product. Two approaches are used or setting standard costs. First, past historical records can be used to estimate labour and material usage. Secondly, standards can be set based on engineering studies. With engineering studies a detailed study of each operation is unedertaken under controlled conditions, based on high levels of efficiency, to ascertain the quantities of labour and materials required. Target prices are then applied based on efficient purchasing to ascertain the standard costs. How a standard costing system operates? Standard costing is most suited to an organization whose activities consist of a series of repetitive operations and the input required to produce each unit of output can be specified. A standard costing system involves the following: The standard costs for the actul output are recorded for each operation for each responsibilty centre. Actual costs for each operation are traced to each responsibility centre. The standard and actual costs are compared. Variances are investigated and corrective action is taken where appropriate Standards are monitored and adjusted to reflect changes in standard usage and/or prices. Variances What is the main purpose of variance analysis? There are very few plans that turn out exactly as planned. Even when the overall objectives of the plan are achieved, some, if not all components of the performance will have varied from the sub-plans or standards that make up the overall picture. For example, a football team may win an important game, as planned, but within the team performance there may be many aspects that the manager will analyse during and after the match so that performance can be improved for next time. As in business, good points need to be encouraged, less positive aspects need to be discussed and corrected. In a game of football, a side may have won a high number of corner kicks, but conceded too many free-kicks in defending. There is little to be gained for the next match if we do not think about the last performance in detail. Variance analysis provides a framework for business managers to breakdown the overall performance of an organisation, so that each individual element of the business can be isolated and analysed in turn. What are the causes of labour, material, overhead, and sales margin variances? Quantities cost variances arise because the actual quantity of resources consumed exceed actual usage or vice versa. Examples include excess usage of materials and labour arising from the usage of interior materials, careless handling of materials and failure to maintain machinery in proper condition. Price variances arise when the actual prices paid for resources exceed the standard prices or else. Examples include the failure of the purchasing function to seek the most efficient sources of supply or the use of a different grade of labour to that incorporation in the standard costs. How to calculate material, labour, variable overhead, fixed overhead, and sales variances.

Ad Reinhardt Abstract Painting 19601965 :: essays papers

Ad Reinhardt Abstract Painting 19601965 Ad Reinhardt's painting, Abstract Painting 1960-65, is at first glance' a black square canvas. The subject matter seems to be just what it is, a black painting. There are no people. No event or action is taken except for the fact that Reinhardt has made the painting. The title only provides us with the information that we are looking at an abstract painting. The only other information that the artist gives you is the time period, in which it was conceived, 1960 to 1965. In the least amount of words possible, we could describe the painting as an abstract color field. It is possible that a narrative is expressed through the piece, although, we can not be certain what it is. There is nothing narrated through conventional means in any way. The composition of the painting takes place with the square of the canvas. The square is approximately 5' x 5'. A black frame surrounding the painting protrudes approximately 4" off the canvas. There is a 1" inlay between the canvas and frame. From this square, Reinhardt breaks the composition into six equal squares in three even rows. Texture is no where to be found in the painting. No visual indication of the artist's brush stroke is present. No varnished glare is given off by the piece. The entire work, including the frame, is completely matte. The squares take up the entire canvas in a checkerboard type arrangement. Each square is a slightly different shade of blue-black. It almost becomes impossible to see the difference between each square. The middle squares in the top and bottom rows shift more towards blue than the rest of the squares. The division of these middle squares become more obvious than the others. When the painting is looked at from a distance, it is almost imposs ible to see any of the squares at all. When looking from a far, all a viewer can see is a blackish blue canvas. As you stare longer into the painting, a halo begins to form around the corners of the canvas, creating a circle inside the square. Once you look away from the canvas, the circle is gone. With this observation in mind, we could say that the painting most definitely relies on the viewer. A viewer is required to look at the piece for its full affect. We could say that the squares in the painting are self-contained.

E-Manufacturing: A Technology Review

Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering 2008 Vol II WCE 2008, July 2 – 4, 2008, London, U. K. E Manufacturing a Technology Review Dr. H. K. Shivanand, Nanjundaradhya N. V, Prabhakar Kammar, Divya shree S, Keshavamurthy YC. Abstract: With a rapid change in technology especially in the manufacturing sector, customers are demanding more value, less risk, and better integration of products, hence there is a need to change the manufacturing strategies, which can result in improved performance thereby meeting the customer demands. This paper critically reviews a new area to overcome the above problem called â€Å"E – Manufacturing† which can integrate customers, products and suppliers with the help of Internet Technology. The concept of E – Manufacturing, its development, tools and potential benefits are discussed along with application examples on Automobiles. Areas like E – Maintenance, E – Diagnostics, E – Business related to E – Manufacturing is also discussed. By adopting such a manufacturing technique zero downtime, reduced product error, customer satisfaction, quick manufacturing changes can be accomplished. In addition the concept of E-Manufacturing applied to the manufacture of gears is also discussed there by providing better understanding of this process. like ERP, MES, SCADA, and even newer acronyms like Enterprise Asset Management (EAM) and Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) are communicating with each other, and sharing data through internet connections. II. EVOLUTION OF E MANUFACTURING For decades, the dominant manufacturing model was based on principles of mass production [2]. Standardized parts and processes made economies of scale achievable, but limited design flexibility and customization. The outsourcing and lean manufacturing movements of the 1980s and 1990s drove the emergence of a new paradigm, termed the Quality Management era. Manufacturing companies, particularly large Original Equipment Manufacturers’ (OEM) outsourcing shifts critical elements of the design and production process onto a manufacturer’s supply chain. The lean manufacturing movement places a premium on time and inventory reduction. Combining the attributes of the Quality era suggests a very different business model for manufacturing – enterprise integration or E-Manufacturing. In the E-Manufacturing era, companies will be able to exchange information of all types with their suppliers at the speed of light. III. E MANUFACTURING E-Manufacturing can be most cogently and generally described as the application of the Internet to Manufacturing [3], further E-Manufacturing is becoming popular with the increased use of the internet. Due the widespread availability of the Internet; large-scale distributed projects in manufacturing are becoming popular. It is the methodology and framework for collaborative Virtual Manufacturing. The ability to exchange information and automate manufacturing processes forms the building blocks of the virtual manufacturing companies of the near future. It covers all aspects of manufacturing – sales, marketing, customer service, new product development, procurement, supplier relationships and logistics manufacturing strategy development and so on. As a result, it is now so much easier to allow certain people gain access to certain sections of the system, according to whatever criteria they like; maintenance people need certain parts of the data, but not others; operators would be able to access a limited number of devices; managers would be allowed to monitor, but not change anything, etc. New technologies such as the Extensible Markup Language (XML) are now making it easier to share data between different application programs, and to set up computers to take actions based on criteria †¹ for instance, to order supplies when inventories reach a critical low point. The E-Manufacturing WCE 2008 Index Terms— E – Manufacturing, E – Maintenance, E – Diagnostics, Automobile, Gears. I. INTRODUCTION F manufacturing companies what matters more is that how efficiently their company can compete globally with others as an organization followed by meeting the day to day requirements of the customer and exchange of hassle free information while not focusing only on sales of the company [1]. Today’s customers provide top priority for money, better quality and less risk. In order to cater to the needs of the customer, manufacturing companies have adopted a new technique called E Manufacturing. It is concerned with the use of the Internet and E-Business technologies in manufacturing industries wherein a network can be established between the customer, the manufacturer and the product. The internet offers a frictionless path for exchange of information. The concepts of E-Maintenance, E-Business, E Diagnostics and ECare have led to the formation of an E-Factory which can produce quality products at remarkable speeds. In short, the customer is just a click away from a business deal. Within manufacturing concerns, the various enterprise-wide systems OR today’s Manuscript received October 11, 2007. H. K. Shivanand is with the University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering , Bangalore, Karnataka, INDIA 560001 phone: 918022961887 e-mail: Shivanand. [email  protected] gmail. com Prabhakar Kammar, is working at MVJ College of Engineering, Bangalore Nanjundaradhya N. V is working at RV College of Engineering, Bangalore Divya shree S is working at BEL, Bangalore. Keshavamurthy YC, ME (Manufacturing Sc &Engg), UVCE, Bangalore. ISBN:978-988-17012-3-7 Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering 2008 Vol II WCE 2008, July 2 – 4, 2008, London, U. K. technique also affects products as well since it is possible to use Internet technologies to add new product functions and to provide new services. The Internet is being used even at the shop floor level. For instance, computer numerical control devices (CNC’s) can be connected via intranets or the Internet to ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning), production planning, or maintenance systems. As such, the E-Manufacturing project aims to develop an appropriate framework for a common platform to enable distributed planning and control in manufacturing for quicker, easier, secure and cost-effective collaborations. The developed system will allow dispersed engineering team members to work together productively, as if they were under one roof. This transformation of the enterprise coincides with the increasing content of information contained in products and processes. This new production enterprise is information-rich. The major functions and objectives of e-manufacturing are: (a) provide a transparent, seamless and automated information exchange process to enable an only handle information once (OHIO) environment; (b) improve the utilization of plant floor assets using a holistic approach combining the tools of predictive maintenance techniques; (c) links entire SCM operation and asset optimization; and (d) deliver customer services utilizing the latest predictive intelligence methods and Tether-free technologies [4] Fig 2: Before Implementing E Manufacturing Fig 3: After Implementing E Manufacturing IV. E MANUFACTURING TOOLS Implementation of the E-Manufacturing tools results in cost saving, regardless of the company size. E-Manufacturing tools enable connectivity among the various modules of the manufacturing process. Areas where the E-Manufacturing tools need to be developed are listed below [5 – 9]. Data and information transformation tool: The large amounts of raw data collected during a manufacturing process are rendered useless, unless the data is gathered and transformed into some useful information which may be used to monitor a system. To understand this better a simple example is taken below. Consider a CNC machine hooked to the Internet as shown in Figure 4. It shows the way data and information are transformed from the machine to the internet. Here the idea is to monitor the health of the tool [life of the tool] fixed in the CNC machine. This technique can also be used to calibrate a machine from the Internet. Fig 1 Evolution of E Manufacturing (Source NACFAM) The contrast between the traditional system and the system with E-Manufacturing is indicated below [3] ISBN:978-988-17012-3-7 WCE 2008 Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering 2008 Vol II WCE 2008, July 2 – 4, 2008, London, U. K. Fig 4: Tool Monitoring in a CNC Machine Using Internet. Prediction Tools: Apart from data being gathered, certain tools need to be developed, which can predict or detect the degradation of various parts of the machine, performance loss and trend of failure. Developing a tool which monitors these aspects could set the trend for an advanced diagnostic system. Optimization Tools: As far as E-Manufacturing is concerned data can be accessed from any part of the globe at any time. Hence certain tools need to be developed which can optimize the data and provide easy to read results. For example, these tools should be able to provide the performance of a drill bit for various drilling operation verses time, temperature, tool tip failure with various materials etc. Synchronization Tools: This is an important tool in the E-Manufacturing environment, which can associate various groups such as customer’s suppliers and manufacturers, where first hand information needs to be sent to these groups during emergencies, for example – if tool needs a replacement or tool has worn out then the information is sent from first the manufacturer to the supplier and tool maker where the tool can be assessed for performance. The new connectivity and communications tools will boost productivity, profits, speed to market, and flexibility for those manufactures who are willing to upgrade. Some of the common E-manufacturing tools are SMS, E Mail, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, Fax and Infrared Connectivity. V. E MAINTENANCE Progressive plant executives, maintenance managers, and work planners have always wanted to have information about the condition of equipment assets at their fingertips when they need it. Unfortunately, it typically is scattered among separate information systems. It is difficult to view, compile and synchronize the different information types on the same computer terminal. If one wants to maximize business continuity by increasing device up-time and minimize the time, costs and headaches associated with device administration he must adopt the E-Maintenance strategy. It is a network that integrates and synchronizes the various maintenance and reliability applications to gather and deliver asset information where it is needed, when it is needed. Interconnectivity of the islands of maintenance and reliability information is embodied in E-Maintenance. The EMaintenance network can be developed from a collection of information islands by using a single proprietary system, a custom bridge, or by using an open systems bridge. EMaintenance also removes the need for manual meter readings that is your device administration is virtually reduced to nil. It is estimated that 15- 40% of indirect costs of manufacturing is maintenance related. About 50% are unnecessary corrective maintenance, which costs 10-15 times more than predictive maintenance. Furthermore, 25% of maintenance is preventive, which is 3-5 times more expensive then predictive. An effective E-Manufacturing strategy uses predictive maintenance techniques to forecast equipment wear and predict failure. Apart from this, it also alerts MRO managers to unexpected problems. This allows managers to proactively correct problems, thus maximizing the use of machinery and personnel while minimizing preventive maintenance expenses. Predicting the reliability of plant-floor equipment can be the difference between a few minutes of preventive maintenance and hours or days of downtime for corrective maintenance. Ultimately, predictive maintenance, computerized maintenance management systems or CMMS, and effective utilization of maintenance specialists make E Manufacturing work. VI. E DIAGNOSTICS E-Diagnostics is the reactive and proactive remote diagnosis, maintenance and repair of equipment by service personnel. EDiagnostics offers many businesses the promise of better equipment reliability and performance at a much lower cost. It is the hardened, reliable acquisition of time-stamped, highspeed information from the tool registers and ancillary data points, database retention and management, parsing and analysis. A complete E-Diagnostics solution would include the following: (a) Remote capture, transmission, analysis and dissemination of equipment performance data. (b) Remote takeover of equipment to manipulate equipment settings during and after repair. (c) A trigger for replenishing spare parts. (d) Faster and more effective response to field service engineering requests, bringing the experts remotely to the problem. (e) Reduced equipment and process variation, through better visibility and response to differences in equipment performance among machines. ISBN:978-988-17012-3-7 WCE 2008 Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering 2008 Vol II WCE 2008, July 2 – 4, 2008, London, U. K. (f) Preventive response to pending equipment failures through the use of advanced process control (real-time multivariate statistical analysis). (g) Enhanced next-generation tool development through improved awareness of deficiencies in current equipment designs. Traditional E-Diagnostics systems monitor tool performance and provide â€Å"maintenance needed† alerts to service and engineering personnel. Much more can be derived from the rich sensor data generated as wafers pass through process chambers. This step in E-Diagnostics is to employ proven enterprise data mining (EDM) techniques to correlate device yield and performance with the vast amount of tool-level and wafer-level chamber sensor data. With this new approach, yield and process-level issues can be uncovered down to a particular sensor reading on a specific tool process chamber. Once a specific tool issue can be identified to have an impact on process results, specific E-Diagnostics monitors can be targeted to prevent future yield and process excursions, completing a closed loop process learning effort. The steps to be followed to implement the E Diagnostics strategy in an industry are as shown below. maintenance programme. Computerized maintenance management systems optimize the deployment of all maintenance, repair, and operating (MRO) resources, such as people, spare parts, tools and facilities, and allow the creation of a planned maintenance programme for all assets. EProcurement allows the replacement of stock with information and offers direct access to spares at lowest cost. For the successful application of E-Manufacturing there must exist a partnership between the supplier and the customer. The goal is to deploy best practices in e-business processes as quickly and effectively as possible while ensuring a quantifiable return on investment (ROI). The benefits of adopting E business strategy are; (a) Quick installation of software updates with no need for expensive integration projects. (b) One enterprise wide view of the customer, product or process. (c) Global deployment from one instance of the software, making all applications accessible globally via a standard Web browser. (d) Simplified systems and maintenance for IT staff due to the one-vendor approach. e) Streamlined business processes. (f) Better decision-making and business intelligence because of the single-database architecture and preintegrated applications and rapid deployment at lower cost. VIII. AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY AND GEARS Every automobile industry has an umpteen number of divisions, each division manufacturing a particular system of the automobile- like the steering system, brake system, engine, suspens ion, chassis and body, interiors, safety division, quality control division, etc. With so many departments working towards the creation of the same end product, a lot of time and money is spent in redesigning and related cases which may arise due to inefficient data transfer or delayed transfer of important information between the departments. Such a problem can be sorted out by implementing the EManufacturing strategy into the industry. The internet can be used to share data and information between various departments and between manufacturers worldwide. Data sharing can be extensively used between the head office and the various branches and service centers of a company which may be located at different locations around the globe. For example, if a component is found defective in one of the branches the information is relayed immediately to the other branches warning them to arrest the production of that component immediately. As a result of this, huge amounts of time, material and money are saved. The internet is a means of communication between production engineers, the manufacturing engineers, and the design engineers. Adopting this new technique can reduce the complexity of the part, without jeopardizing performance. Using CAE tools in the design process may have a profound impact on savings. In many cases, the virtual prototype is a much more accurate representation of what we designed than the physical Fig 5: E Diagnostics VII. E BUSINESS In today’s world it’s the â€Å"Time Factor† that can make or break an industry. Gone are the days of buying different applications from a host of technology vendors and spending countless months and dollars integrating them. Increasingly, the customers are demanding more customized products, faster delivery schedules, and instant access to order status. Results have to be assessed in financial terms, with return on net assets or return on capital employed, the key measure. EBusiness promises a solution to this customer demanding market. Automated scheduling provides a better method of managing production orders and increases the visibility of current and future scheduling activities. Tracking involves the collection, analysis, viewing and reporting of production data. To get the best productivity from the assets deployed, three main areas need to be addressed: Condition based maintenance; computerized maintenance management; EProcurement. Condition-based maintenance predicts the deterioration of assets that allows the planning of maintenance actions more effectively and monitors the effectiveness of the ISBN:978-988-17012-3-7 WCE 2008 Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering 2008 Vol II WCE 2008, July 2 – 4, 2008, London, U. K. prototype. Apart from adopting this strategy in the production line it can also be used in the maintenance program of an automobile. For example, if you only repair your car when it breaks down, you face costly corrective maintenance. A preventive maintenance schedule, based on the manufacturer's recommendations, may prevent breakdowns. Preventive maintenance is possible using E-Diagnostics. When a car is taken in for servicing, it is hooked onto the diagnostic computer which indicates existing problems. Moreover the service centers are constantly hooked up to the internet and are updated on availability of spares, latest trends in servicing and solutions to commonly occurring problems. All this information is made available from their counterparts from around the world. To add to this the entire service history of the vehicle is uploaded to the net so that it is made available to all of the company’s service centers around the globe which will help identify the status of the vehicle wherever and whenever one wants to service it. Gears form an important component in most machines as well as in automobiles. Today’s Customers demand a multitude of gears in a short span of time, without any compromise on quality. The solution to this challenge is E Manufacturing. One can hook up the gear manufacturing machine to the net. It offers fully integrated production control software for estimating, order and job control, job travelers, scheduling, data collection, inventory control, purchasing, work center loading and cost accounting. Various design parameters can be entered by the customer and modifications may also be made until the last minute. Once the system is in place economic and efficient manufacture of gears is imminent. 1. Synchronize Production Processes with Business Processes. . Orchestrate Upstream Flows of Work, Information, and Material. 3. Automate Business Processes & Workflows within the Enterprise 4. Give Control to Managers with Plant Information & Analysis Tools. 5. Integrate the Design Process among All Collaborating Parties. 6. Leverage Bi-directional Down-stream Information. 7. Enable Collaborative Maintenance and Manufacturing Support. X. CONCLUSION This paper discussed cer tain key areas and subsets of the E-Manufacturing strategy which when implemented will yield priceless benefits to an industry that implements it. Further the concept of an E-Factory promises greater increase in productivity and performance, while at the same time decreases production costs. However, for E-Manufacturing to be a success, co-operation between various public and private sector organizations is mandatory. This new thinking paradigm to integrate web-enabled and predictive intelligence for manufacturing systems is becoming a new benchmark strategy for manufacturing companies to compete in the twenty-first century. REFERENCES [1] [2] White paper â€Å"Making sense of E-Manufacturing: A Road map for manufacturers Industry† Rockwell Automation. Exploiting E Manufacturing: Interoperability of Software Systems used by US Manufacturing â€Å" National Coalition for Advanced Manufacturing, 2001, pp 1-13 Manufacturing Engineering Handbook – by Hwaiyu Geng, McGraw Hill Professional 1 edition, March 1, 2004, Koc M, Ni J, Lee J. Introduction of e-manufacturing. Proceeding of the International Conference on Frontiers on Design and Manufacturing, Dalian, China, July 2002. E – Manufacturing Review – Jay Lee – Robotics and Computer Integrated Manufacturing Journal. , May 23 – 2003 Lee J, Ahad A, [email  protected] M. E-manufacturing—its elements and impact. Proceedings of the Annual Institute of Industrial Engineering (IIE) Conference, Advances in Production Session, Dallas, TX, USA, May 21–23, 2001. Lee J, Ni J. Web-enabled e-manufacturing. Proceeding of Sixth International Manufacturing Technology in Hong Kong, December 2001 Lee J, Ni J. E-manufacturing and e-business integration: a case study. Proceeding of the International Manufacturing Leaders Forum (IMLF), Adelaide, Australia, February 8–10, 2002. Lee J, Ni J. Infotronics agent for tether-free prognostics. Proceeding of the AAAI Spring Symposium on Information Refinement and Revision for Decision Making: Modeling for Diagnostics, Prognostics, and Prediction, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, March 25–27, 2002. [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] Figure 6 Application of E Manufacturing to Automobile Industry [8] [9] IX. BENEFITS OF E-MANUFACTURING E-Manufacturing is a fundamental change in the strategic value proposition for manufacturers. Its collection of systems, processes, and technologies that support and enable manufacturers to compete in collaboration with others has seven fundamental jobs: ISBN:978-988-17012-3-7 WCE 2008

Person Values To The Work Of Social Care Social Work Essay Example

Person Values To The Work Of Social Care Social Work Essay Example Person Values To The Work Of Social Care Social Work Essay Person Values To The Work Of Social Care Social Work Essay work values mean liberty, dedication, teamwork, fight, trustiness, dependability, professionalism, moralss etc. Autonomy means experiencing relaxed and confident. It is cosmopolitan truth that if anyone fell relaxed, aspiration, and confident so she or he can play a really good function in work. Another thing is teamwork. It is ever better than individual work. Dedication has a positive impact every bit good. Making favour to person is called dedication. Health and societal attention is chiefly related to co-operation and co-ordination between the employees and clients. For blink of an eye, an employee may non able to manage heavy things. So, in that instance if anyone helps him to carry through his undertaking that is called dedication. It improves work result every bit good. Trustworthiness and dependability are the two chief beginnings of work effectivity ( Holloway Wheeler, 2002 ) . If the employees trust one another, they can work with free from tenseness. Because they know whatever the colleagues are making are right. Besides, they should be dependable so that staff can acquire aid from them whenever it is required. Harmonizing to Allison ( 2001 ) and Posner ( n.d. ) , professionalism has a important consequence in work part in wellness and societal attention. If professionals forget about their function and get down doing close relationship with clients, so it brings really negative result for the staff. They may be penalized for interrupting organisational jurisprudence. Sometimes, they chat with their colleagues disregarding the service users. But those follow the professionalism regulations, can neer make such sorts of things. As a consequence, clients will be happy and work result will be increased significantly. Therefore, proffesioanlism influences part to work. Litman ( 2009 ) has stated that economic values may include ownership of belongings, lending to common good etc. This value means the value around money. Harmonizing to some people, this is the most of import value for work part because if the employees are paid soundly, so they must seek to give their best. In contrary, if their outlooks are non fulfilled, they must non give their best. Religious values are the other of import values. Harmonizing to Cooper Palmer ( 1998 ) , these are religious values, which means how we should act, including lovingness of one another and in worship. Religion positions have one of the most important effects to work part. For illustration, harmonizing to Muslim Torahs, if you do non seek to give your best to your employer, so you will be penalised by your God. So, those people who have respect on their faith, they will ever seek to make better in work. Thus faith values can act upon work parts. Harmonizing to McPartland ( 1991 ) , rules are the policy, aims, regulations, cardinal norms, or value that province what are the function of an person, or an organisation, or a community. It besides makes a differentiation between equity and unfairness. So, it can act upon work part every bit good. Some people may hold rules which may be straight opposite to organisational rules. For blink of an eye, if a conservative Buddhist is told to function a non-Buddhist client, he/she may non give positive response and it will impact work part negatively. On the other manus, if an unfastened minded Christian is told to something that is work related, they will make with 100 % positive attitude. Therefore, rules influence workplace part in wellness and societal attention. 1.2 Analyse how your ain cultural values and beliefs act upon your work in support and attention of service users in your work topographic point. Harmonizing to Kitayama Cohen ( 2007 ) and ODonnell ( 2001 ) , different cultural values and beliefs impact support and attention of service users in workplace otherwise. Valuess and rules include equal rights, diverseness, confidentiality, protection from maltreatment and injury. In add-on, personal values are beliefs and penchants, civilization, political positions, involvements and precedences, alteration over lifetime to day of the month etc. I have my ain civilization and beliefs which besides influence the attention of the service users. For case, I am non either vegetarian or non-vegetarian. I take all types of dishes which are halal because I am a Muslim. So, I may non be interested to function those people who will eat much haram dishes. But, in the same clip I may supply a better service than a Buddhist. The ground of that is most of the Buddhists are non-vegetarian and they are non willing to function the people who deserve meats. My civilization and value has taught me to handle every individual every bit. It has besides taught me to give grownup people their freedom. So, I will non know apart any people. Peoples from any background are same to me. So, I can supply them a good service. 1.3 Explain how development of new precedences marks and statute law impact upon your function as a attention worker. There are a few new developments in statute laws, precedences, research, policies, rules and values that can impact upon my function as a attention worker. For illustration, Sex Discrimination Act 1975, The Carers ( Recognition and Services ) Act 1995, The Carers and Disabled Children Act 2000, The Carers ( Equal Opportunities ) Act 2004, Disabled Persons Act 1986, Human Rights Act 19980, The Work and Families Act 2006, The Children and Young Persons Act 2008, Care and Support Green Paper, are the statute laws and precedences that impact upon my function. Sex Discrimination Act 1975 states that it is improper for an employee to know apart anyone because of their sex. The Carers ( Recognition and Services ) Act 1995 has given a legal position and some rights to carers. Carers are requested to measure their ability of work under this act. So, as a carer now I do self-assessment and inform it to local council and they take necessary stairss. The Carers ( Equal Opportunities ) Act 2004 i s really necessary for all the carers as it ensures their rights. Harmonizing to this act, authorized people have to measure their demands, give precedence to their wants, and supply developing whenever they need. It besides facilitated co-operation between attention workers and governments in relation to the services. The authorities has late prepared green paper where attention and support system will be mentioned. Besides, the authorities has given carers to show their sentiment. In add-on, they have engaged all the carers, stakeholders, service users, stockholders and members of the populace to give their positions to better attention programs. So, now I can portion everything related to occupation with authorised individuals and work with free of fuss. Thus these precedences and statute laws impact upon my function as a attention worker. 1.4 Discuss how the alterations in personal values have contributed to your personal development Pavlina ( 2008 ) has cited that the alterations in personal values and rules have contributed a batch in personal development. For illustration, if I change my beliefs and penchants so it affects the service users. I used to believe that functioning the sapphic or cheery or people who are non from my background are non good. But when I can come to cognize the statute laws and alter my beliefs so I can function them every bit good and that is a portion of my personal development. As an Asiatic my civilization is different from European civilization. So, while functioning clients I may hold to confront trouble as I do nt cognize their civilization really good. But when I will be cognizant of their civilization and positions so I can present a better service because my cultural value will be changed that clip. Thus the alterations in personal values have contributed to my personal development. Produce, proctor, revision and measure programs for personal advancement in developing the accomplishments and abilities required of a attention worker 2.1 Assess your ain preferable acquisition manner and abilities As a attention worker personal advancement is really of import as it is related to the accomplishments and abilities. Harmonizing to Jonassen Grabowsk ( 1993 ) , preferable acquisition manner and abilities vary from individual to individual. Kolb s ( 1984 ) states that, larning manner can be concrete experience ( experiencing ) , diverging ( experiencing and ticker ) , suiting ( experiencing and making ) , active experimentation ( making ) , brooding observation ( watching ) , absorbing ( believing and watching ) , and abstract conceptualisation ( believing ) . Learning from experience from outside universe can be categorized as absorbing larning manner. But normally people can larn four ways and those are watching, listening, composing, and reading. This is called lingual acquisition method. Basically I prefer to larn in all ways but it depends what am I larning? For illustration, if I want to larn how to supply a better service to the service users so I prefer to larn it by lingual manner and so by absorbing and suiting because by this manner I can read, watch, experience and believe that I am making. Then I have to make that practically. I can take notes as good if I want. The ground of that is there are certain things of larning where practical acquisition is more of import than theoretical acquisition. After that I like to larn by composing and reading. There are a few things where it seems that easy after reading. But after some clip I may bury that because merely reading can non excite the memory cells most efficaciously. So to excite the memory cells efficaciously, I need to larn by composing as it stimulates my memory cells better than reading. I miss much information while larning by listening. A diagram of my learning manner is given below: Reading-Writing-Diverging -Accommodating- absorbing 2.2 Produce and warrant a personal development program with short-medium-and long term purposes and Outcome Gallen and Buckle ( 2001 ) has noted that geting new accomplishments, updating pattern, larning, calling development etc are the chief parts of personal development. Harmonizing to them, personal Development Plan ( PDP ) is of import for all types of people whatever they are employee or employer or pupil. As a attention worker or a as pupil of Health and Social attention direction personal development program is critical for me. It can be short term, long term, short-medium-and long term purposes. My personal development program with short-medium and long term purposes can be larning IT skills, being well-disciplined, bettering presentation accomplishments, dialogue policy, larning human resource direction, larning people psychological science, different types of Acts of the Apostless and statute laws related to wellness and societal attention, doing effectual determination, geting cognition about medical specialty, bettering leading accomplishments and developing communicating accomplishments. IT accomplishment: At this epoch information engineering is the most of import thing to larn as it has an effectual impact in Health and Social attention direction. Without larning IT skills none can make in a good degree of their calling. In add-on, this subdivision is huge every bit good. So I have to pass a long clip to be efficient of this subdivision. Now-a-days all information are saved and managed by computing machines. In add-on, in some instances, computing machines can be used to name the job of the service users. I need to larn about scheduling, Microsoft word, Microsoft excel, power point, pulling good diagrams, showing power point slides etc. Negotiation policy: this is the country where I must necessitate to better. For illustration, when my director will state me you are traveling to be paid this sum of money for your occupation so I have negotiate with him if I am non satisfied. I have to demo him/her the grounds as good why I should be paid more. This is of import as money has an influence of employee s outlook and employee with good outlook can supply good service. Presentation accomplishments: as a societal worker I should hold good presentation skill what I do nt hold at all. If I can non show anything clearly to the service users so many misconstruing will take topographic point. So, I have to avoid this. It is non possible to better presentation accomplishments by twenty-four hours dark. So, I will make a long term program to better my presentation accomplishments. My personal development program and its results are shown below in the tabular array: Development country Manner Duration Result Information engineering Long term 5 twelvemonth Be able to maintain records right, create necessary soft wares if necessary. Presentation accomplishments Long term 1 twelvemonth Make clients understand what services they are traveling to acquire Negotiation policy Short term 3 month Ensured self improvement Human resource direction Short-medium term 3 month Pull offing human resource Law, statute law and Acts of the Apostless Long term 5 old ages Be able to cover with ailments and drama by regulations. Leadership accomplishments Short medium 3 months Leading efficaciously. Decision devising Average term 1 twelvemonth Be able to take right determination. 2.3 Discuss the agreements to supervise the advancement of your personal development program. The advancement of my personal development plan can be monitored by the result and occupation public presentations. For illustration, if I take IT and leading accomplishment as my personal development program so it can be monitored by my record maintaining accomplishments, salvaging patients informations, managing electronic devices etc. leading accomplishments can be monitored by the manner I am pull offing people. For illustration, if hundred employees work under me I have to pull off all of them expeditiously where of all time they are from or who of all time they are. In add-on, my advancement can be monitored by public presentation assessment. 2.4 Evaluate your personal development program in context with your responsibilities as a attention worker Bild Pountney ( 2007 ) have shown the necessity of personal development program of a attention worker. So, as a attention worker my personal development program is really of import. IT skills and determination devising were included in my personal development program. As a attention worker cognition about IT helped me to maintain all medical records digitally. I could happen out information from computing machine or any electronic devices rapidly. Decision devising was another of import thing. For illustration, if any frail client Tells me he can non travel and take a breath decently. Besides, he does non cognize what happened to him last dark. But so far, he knows he did non take any nutrient last dark. In that state of affairs, I am to take speedy determination otherwise something can go on earnestly. So, in context with my responsibilities as a attention worker these are indispensable to include as my personal development program ( PDP ) . Analyse the application of rules of professional battle with service users in a specific scene 3.1 Analyse the nature of different professional relationships in wellness and societal attention context Harmonizing to Fritz Omdahl ( 2006 ) , professional relationship is a procedure by which staffs make relationship with persons, service users household and friends, workers with other bureaus, co-workers or any authorised individuals related to wellness and societal attention. Normally, it is focused on some specific rules of an organisation. The natures of professional relationships are described below: Relationship with service users: All the service users should be respected as single and service users with no mental job can take any services those are required. Service suppliers are entitled to supply appropriate attention to clients without any fuss. In add-on, health care professionals are non allowed to know apart anyone while supplying service. Carers, physicians, societal workers or any healthcare professionals must guarantee service users confidentiality. They are non allowed to unwrap any information to anyone unless it harms to their clients. Every wellness attention specializers, carers or service users will guarantee the full liberty of their clients. Battle with colleagues: A good apprehension and work relationship among the staff must be established so that they can work as a squad. Martin et Al ( 2009 ) have stated that, teamwork ever ensures good result of work. Health attention staff, societal workers, carers will portion their positions and cognition with everyone which are related to occupation to supply better service. Every staff will esteem other civilizations and may accept the good cognition from them. Employers and service suppliers will work together to maintain a workplace with no favoritism, torment, bully etc. Everyone will work together to maintain a safe workplace. They will do a work relationship among them but non more than that similar emotional relationship. this can harm battle among the employees. 3.2 Analyse effectivity of different theoretical accounts of care/support in wellness and societal attention scenes Harmonizing to Heller et Al ( 1999 ) , wellness attention services can be provided by assorted theoretical accounts e.g. bio-medical model/conventional medical theoretical account, bio-psycosocial theoretical account, traditional societal attention theoretical account, NHS societal attention theoretical account etc. But in the UK wellness attention services are traditionally delivered by bio-medical theoretical account. Every theoretical account has peculiar effectivity for supplying wellness attention which are described below: Harmonizing to Srivastava ( 2007 ) , effectveness of conventional medical theoretical account: Supports are available in footings of health care as conventional medical theoretical account is formed by the footing of NHS and western wellness attention systems. Protecting unwellness and disablement becomes easier as wellness services are chiefly geared towards handling the ill and handicapped people. A high value can be ensured in footings of specializer medical services particularly in institutional scene or clinics. This theoretical account gives a opportunity to carry on medical research efficaciously. Effectiveness of bio-psychological theoretical account: In 1986 Kleinman and Good have stated that bio-psychological theoretical account focuses on the psychological, emotional, societal and mental job. As a consequence, experts can place service users mental demands efficaciously. It recognizes that disease or unwellness can be neither studied nor treated in isolation from societal and cultural environment. It considers the links between socioeconomic want and inauspicious wellness vitamin E g bettering entree to wellness attention and cut downing wellness inequalities. Effectiveness of tradtional societal attention theoretical account ( harmonizing to Leira, 2002 ) : It ever priorotse the vulnearable groups so that they can acquire aid from the service suppliers without any fuss at any clip. Service users and their administrations are to the full involved in the development and even bringing of services. It besides empower the people. Effectiveness of the NHS societal attention theoretical account: Glasby Littlechild ( 2004 ) has shown that NHS societal attention theoretical account ever prioritizes the betterment of attention for people with long term conditions. This theoretical account will assist to guarantee wellness and societal attention administrations take an overall structured and systematic attack to bettering the attention of those long term conditions The immediate focal point should be the debut of instance direction for the most vulnerable people with complex long term conditions so that long term infirmary admittances can be reduced. It aims to accomplish early sensing, good control to understate effects of disease and cut down complications, better effectual medical specialty direction. It besides promotes independency, empowers patients and allows them to take control of their lives. Overally, it improves patients quality of life. 3.3 Critically analyse ain function in advancing person s pick, ability and right to care for and protect themselves Harmonizing to Bradley et Al ( 2009 ) , ain function is really of import in wellness and societal attention workplaces to advance person s pick, ability, right and to protect the service users. The lists of my programs are given below to implement these things: As a societal attention worker I will must protect the rights and advance the involvement of service users. This means I will Treat every individual as an person, Respect their privateness and advance the single positions and wants of both service users and carers. In add-on, I will advance equal chances, Respect diverseness and different civilizations and values for service users and carers. I must endeavor to set up and keep trust and assurance of service users and carers. It includes to be honest, trusty, Communicating in an appropriate, unfastened, accurate and straightforward manner with the co-workers and clients. In add-on, I will be relieable and dependent, honouring to service users and carers. Besides, I will be adhering to policies and processs about accepting gifts and money from service users and carers. I will advance the independency of service users while protecting them from dangers. It means Using established procedures to dispute and describe unsafe, opprobrious and prejudiced or exploitatory behaviour and pattern. I will inquire them to give their sentiments because people normally feel of import if anyone asks about their pick or want. I may place their emotional demands as good by this manner. I will speak to the service users heartily about their concerns and involvements so that they can show what they want. So, I can be cognizant of them and can protect them. ( Cadmium lesson 3, page 7, small spot ) 3.4 Analyze the quandary that may originate in professional relationships and how you would cover with them In 2005, Tribe Morrissey have noted that, tonss of quandary can originate in professional relationship e.g. maltreatment, moralss, disputing behaviour, hazard, struggles between values and rules, confidentiality vs. revelation, values of others etc. For illustration, ethical quandary can originate often in professional relationship. it means people can non understand really what to make. Though sometimes they are able to take a determination, many inquiries arise like is it right that is done? Normally, there are two types of ethical quandary and one is the Right to Accept or decline intervention and other one is the Patient Bill of Right. A patient with no mental job can take his medical determination. They have right to take whther they will accept decease or life. But as a medical professional his/her responsibility is to guarantee client s wellbeing or salvage life. So, this is an ethical quandary. But most of the instances, it is suggested to give precedence of the client s want. Another quandary can originate in footings of guaranting client s confidentiality and revelation of any information. For blink of an eye, if a attention service user state his/her carer like this, I want to state you something if do non unwrap it. After that the carer can come to cognize that his/her clint is being abused by another carer. By that instance, he/she should infrom it to an authorised individual to protect the client from maltreatment but she/he is already told non to unwrap it. So, quandary can originate between confidentiality and revelation by this manner. In this instance, the carer should state it to an authorised individual to protect the client from maltreatment and to guarantee safe-guarding and well-being. 1000 words 4.1 Evaluate ain part to your work squad Bradley et Al ( 2009 ) and Leathard ( 2003 ) have mentioned that in wellness and societal attention every person s public presentation is really of import. My ain parts as a societal attention worker are evaluated below: In my workplace I ever inform my co-workers about my activities to an appropriate degree of item. I ever behave in such a manner so that it supports the squad to be more effectual. It means my actions, address, linguistic communication, organic structure linguistic communication, gestures, written and verbal communications are ever polite. I am efficient in computing machine accomplishments. So, I can manage all the electrical informations. I portion my positions, thoughts and information relevant to occupation with squad members. I besides accept other s thoughts and information to do squad work drum sander. I ever offer helper in a friendly and helpful manner whenever it is required. I suggest clearly if I have any better thought to better squad work at an appropriate clip. 4.2 Discuss how your part influence the effectivity of the squads of which you are a member. Harmonizing to West ( 2004 ) and Snee ( n.d. ) , part of every person has an influence of the effectivity in a squad. My part besides influences the effectivity of squad work in assorted ways. For illustration, I know about the Legislations, Policies and Good Practices which are relevant to wellness and societal attention. So, I can supply a really good service to the clients. Furthermore, my co-workers frequently are benefitted by me. As a consequence, teamwork becomes developed. in add-on, I can pass on in a effectual manner with my chaps. So that, tonss of misinterpretation, ambiguity, struggle, backstabbing, and misgiving can be avoided which influence the effectivity of squad work. I have a clear thought about the function of single. So, I can stipulate their functions and they can perfrom harmonizing to that and it increases squad result significantly. In add-on, I am cognizant of different civilizations and values and I act in a manner what they want. Harmonizing toaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ . it inspires teammates which are another root of effectual teamwork. I have really good leading accomplishments and it helps to take my co-workers. Time direction is one of the most important accomplishments that I have. So, I do my occupation in clip and I suggest other people to follow me. They besides follow me which influences squad effectivity. Therefore my parts influence the effectivity of the squad. 4.3 Describe the bounds of your work function and how these impact on your work with others Harmonizing to Heron ( 1998 ) , every employee has restrictions of their functions and duty and these are influenced by others. As a attention direction trainee I have some restrictions as good. For illustration, I am non allowed give any new medicine to a service user at any status. In add-on, as I work in direction place, I should non affect in attention work. I am non allowed to garner any personal information both of co-workers and clients. I should non manage their paperss which are supposed to manage by their attorneies. Failing to make any of these has really negative result of single function. Colleagues may non swear and esteem. Besides, employees may non listen to me and I can be frustrated. As a consequence, work result can be reduced aggressively. 4.4 Analyse the barriers for effectual squad working and how you would lend minimising such barrier. West ( 2004 ) and Snee ( n.d. ) notes that effectual teamwork is really of import in every domain of work and there are tonss of barriers of effectual squad work. For blink of an eye, hapless leading, interpersonal interactions, hapless communicating, professional codifications, hapless squad kineticss, high outlooks, different precedences, deficiency of trust, silo thought, force per unit area of high answerability can be the barriers of effectual teamwork. In the same clip, there are many ways every bit good by which societal workers can minimise these barriers. As a societal attention worker I am required to work with my co-workers every bit good as assorted professionals and it is a day-to-day happening for me. These professionals could be physicians, nurses, physical therapists, occupational healers research lab technicians and druggists and many other professions. My co-workers and they may be from different civilizations and they have different values. So, at the get downing degree of occupation all people need to portion their positions and cognition and it wastes tonss of clip. Leadership has a great impact of squad working because about everything flows from here. It is leader s mistake if a squad can non execute in proper manner. The grounds can be non adequate communicating among the employees or deficiency of proper counsel. Sometimes, leaders fail to stipulate of person s docket. So, squad members are non cognizant of their functions and can non execute good which cut down the productiveness of squad work. Poor communicating and high outlooks are the other barriers of effectual squad work. These cause tonss of misinterpretation, ambiguity, struggle, backstabbing, and misgiving among the employees. Employees have to work under emphasis every bit good if they have to carry through higher outlook. Survey from Anon ( n.d. ) has shown that, hapless squad kineticss can do dislocation of squad kineticss and squad can neglect to accomplish their ends. Besides, absenteeism of employees

Francis Bacon and Torture Essay Example

Francis Bacon and Torture Essay Example Francis Bacon and Torture Paper Francis Bacon and Torture Paper Essay Topic: The Scrutiny and Other Poems Francis Bacon and Torture BY ajf2055 Academic Bio: Anthony J. Funari I am currently a doctoral student at Lehigh University and in May will have finished my dissertation, entitled Challenging the Scientific Mind: The Poetic Resistance to Bacons Grand Instauration. My thesis examines the poetry of John Donne, Andrew Marvell, and John Wilmot, the Earl of Rochester, as a site from which is launched a meaningful critique of Francis Bacons scientific program. My research interests include depictions of the natural in seventeenth-century poetry and prose, the rise of the city in Jacobean drama, and ecofeminist criticism. Abstract: This article examines the relevance that Francis Bacons call for humanity to engage in a (re)productive relationship with Nature has for Andrew Marvells The Mowers Song. Rather than viewing Damons realization of his isolation from the meadows as solely due to his emerging sexual feeling for Juliana, this article complicates the Mowers plight by arguing that Damon experiences a tropological shift in how he characterizes Nature. While in Damon, the Mower sexuality appears alien to the natural world, Damon comes to recognize Nature as a sexual entity through his epiction of the grasss growth as luxuriant and the meadows as a participant in a May-game festivity. The transition that Damon experience parallels that which Bacon demands for the sciences. For Bacon, the restoration of humanitys Edenic mastery begins with treating Nature as any woman subject to masculine domination. However, in perceiving Nature through Bacons terms, Marvells protagonist does not discover a path to back Paradise but reenacts the Fall. : On this basis, Marvell problematizes the tropological foundation on which Bacon rests the new science. Companions of My Thoughts More Green: Damons Baconian Sexing of Nature In his essay Of Youth and Age, Bacon expresses anxiety over the youthful mind, which he finds to be impetuous, prone to flights of fancy, and possessing a vitality that must be checked: And yet the invention of young men is more lively than that of old, and imaginations stream into their minds better, and as it were more divinely. Natures that nave much neat, and great and violent desires and perturbations, are not ripe for action till they have passed the meridian of their years. i The danger of the young ind, for Bacon, lies in its susceptibility to the imagination, which provokes the intellect into rashly latching onto its initial thoughts as opposed to subjecting them to sober scrutiny. Bacon appears much concerned over this period in ones intellectual development: though energetic, without the proper guidance and temperance, the youthful mind may fail to act productively. The intellect in this early stage will move hastily, supposing too much from its preliminary impressions: Young men, in conduct and [management] of actions, embrace more than they can hold; stir more than they an quiet; fly to the end, without consideration of the means and degrees; pursue some few principles which they have chanced upon absurdly and, that which doubleth all errors, will not acknowledge or retract them; like an unready horse that will neither stop nor turn. i Here the quintessential aspects of the young mind, as Bacon portrays it, are the lack of order in its thought processes and sense of egotism in its disregard for contrary evidence. Yet, as readers of Bacons Essays are aware, the essays themselves do not offer an unequivocal stance on a topic but rather emonstrate Bacons own unstructured mental explorations. Bacon goes as far as to contradict his opening assessment of the young mind; in citing Joel 2. 28 Wour young men shall see visions, and your old men shall dr eam dreams. ), Bacon posits the notion that the youthful mind itself should be privileged in its being closer to God than the old. Consequently, the mature mind is corrupted through its trafficking in the world of human thought: And certainly, the more a man drinketh of the world, the more it intoxicateth; and age doth profit rather in the powers of understanding than in the virtues of the will and affections. iii In a sense, Bacon here espouses a proto-Romantic idealization of youth, as a moment prior to societys intrusion that obscures ones pristine encounter with the world. Within this brief meditation on the nature of youth, Bacon articulates a primary tension that informs his program of reform for all learning: whether learning should be retrospective, always attempting to recover a past era that was the height of knowledge, or progressive, viewing knowledge as accumulative and successively ameliorating humanitys condition. Though in Of Youth and Age Bacon does not offer a final conclusion on the value f the youthful mind, the corpus of his scientific writings unreservedly advocates for the progressive nature of human learning. Throughout Novum Organum (1620), Bacons foundational treatise of the new philosophy, there is a sustained distrust of youth. In essence, the program that Bacon envisions looks to curb the instinctual habit of the immature mind to leap and fly from particulars to remote and nearly the most general axioms (such as the so-called first principles of arts and of things). iv Bacon portrays his instauration of learning as the transitioning from a young, mpetuous mindset to one more disciplined. In Temporis partus masculus (The Masculine Birth of Time) (1603), one of Bacons earliest espousals of his epistemological reform, the elder guide admonishes his student that he should not feel ready to explore Nature without his guidance yet: But, my son, if I should ask you to grapple immediately with the bewildering complexities of experimental science before your mind has been purged of its idols, beyond a peradventure you would promptly desert your leader. v Without his elderly instructor, the youthful student would succumb to the idols ot the road. Bacon reiterates again and again his conception of youth not as a privileged time of innocence and intellectual/ spiritual clarity but a perilous moment through which one must be carefully guided. Bacons apprehension of youth becomes a pivotal facet of the tropology of his instauration. As Bacon foresees the future path of human learning, the transition from a pre-modern, allegorical worldview to a modern scientifically-based mode of learning parallels the sexual maturation of the male youth. Bacon foresees in the human minds leaving behind its childhood, which he finds represented in the lassical texts, mankinds reclamation of the mastery over Nature once enjoyed in Eden. This mental transition or maturation entails the imperative to sexualize Nature, to perceive the relationship between humanity and Nature as one in which the latter is subject to sexual domination by the former. For Bacon, only when the encounter with Nature is read through the metaphor of sexual reproductionNature is properly read as other and engaged with on a sexually reproductive basis can humanity hope to formulate the type of knowledge so that the mind can exercise its rightful authority over the nature of things. vi For Bacon, when learning enters into a sexually mature adulthood, humanity will prosper in enjoying a return to an Edenic state. Feminist critics of modern science expose the sexism innate in the rhetoric of Baconian scientific knowledge. Carolyn Merchant reveals the implicit sexualizing imagery in transforming Nature into inert material for industrial consumption: The constraints against penetration associated with the earth-mother image were transformed into sanctions for denudation. vii Although recent apologists of Bacon rebut this line of criticism as anachronistically misreading his tropology,viii his cientific treatises bear out the correlation between the emergence of the new science and the entrance into adult male sexuality. In the discussion of Bacons writings below, I trace this analogy through a series of key texts. My intent for revisiting Bacons use of adult male sexuality as a trope for the new science is to identify the conception of sexual/intellectual maturation that Andrew Marvell responds to in the Mowers Song. In this essay, I will read Andrew Marvells Damon, the Mower and The Mowers Songix in the context of the tropology that Bacon grounds the humanitys new engagement with Nature. Critical discussion of Marvells Mower poems centers on his diverging from the pastoral convention of the sympathetic landscape. While the pastoral mode is primarily characterized by the pathetic fallacy between the human subject and Nature, Marvell breaks with this tradition by depicting a dissonance between his protagonist, Damon, and his environment. Particularly, The Mowers Song opens with Damons lament for the loss of the reflective relationship that he once enjoyed with the meadow. i My own reading of Damons isolation contextualizes Marvells revising of the pastoral mode rom one based on harmony with ones environment to one expressing a profound sense of division between the self and other within Bacons scientific instauration. If the Mower poems are a sequence centered on the sexual maturation of a single personality, The Mowers Song presents Damon at the end of this development, nostalgically looking back on a period of unity. ii Damon ultimately experiences sexuality as alien ating, entrapping him in an unfamiliar world in which he can no longer enjoy the unity he once had with the meadows. Beyond Damons isolation, I ind that Marvells pastoral protagonist enacts Bacons a Baconian tropological shitt Damon intellectually transitions from mindset that reads his environment as asexual and reflective of his own inner world to one that sees the meadows as a sexual entity that must be dominated. So far so good, as Bacon would have us understand Damons maturation. However, as opposed to a re-entering of Eden, Damon comes to suffer another Fall. Where Bacon promised to bring knowledge to perfection in charity, for the benefit and use of life, xiii Marvells Damon finds only alienation, anguish, and death in his newly sexualized environment. The tropology that will open up path to ameliorating humanitys physical condition that Bacon espouses,undergirds Baconian science for Damon, leads to his lashing out against the meadows. This reading of Damons alienation from the meadows further builds on and complicates how his crisis is generally understood by scholars. Critics of the Mower poems argue for the intersection between Damons emerging sexuality and his relationship with the meadows. Within this reading, Julianas entrance into Damons world, which becomes the catalyst for his entrance into sexuality, provokes is loss of the harmonious relationship that he once enjoyed with Nature. Robgert N. Watson traces the loss of a symbiotic relationship with Nature to the speakers heterosexual desire. That isFor Watson, the poem acts as an admonishment against men involving themselves with women, who bring with them otherness: The Mower to Glowworms is ostensibly a poem of frustrated love that never in fact mentions love at all. This certainly suggests that something else is at stake; Juliana has displaced his mind, not broken his heart. All the same can be said of The Mowers Song. Again the woman is a marker of otherness e desire for her produces (or reflects) a recognition of a loss of symbiotic presence in the universe that is a perpetual fact for the human creature, despite the impulse to hide it behind a particular erotic betrayal. xiv Likewise, Judith Haber finds that Julianas presence forces Damon into a recognition of his own individuality and separateness: Romantic love makes Damon acutely aware of the separate existence of another; he therefore becomes aware of both his i ndividual isolation and his desire for union. xv For Watson and Haber, then, the sexual awakening that Juliana evokes from Damon leads ocauses Damon to recognize his awareness of her uniqueness from himself, which in turn causes him to perceive his own isolation from his environment. Sexual maturation in Marvells Mower poems brings loneliness. True enough, but I argue that Damons new post-Juliana experience of Nature is more complex. It is not simply that Damon finds himself unconnected to the meadows after encountering Juliana and thus is no longer able to enjoy an easy fantasy of a childish fellowship with Nature, but also that Damon within his post-Juliana perspective sees sex as part of Nature. While I agree with this reading that attributes Damons sense of alienation to his recognition of his sexuality, Damons new post-Juliana experience of Nature, I argue, reflects a profound and complex metaphorical transition. This re-imagining Nature as a sexual entity redefines the dynamic of Damons relationship with his environment: what had once secured his sense of self through a maternal trope now is perceived as Jeopardizing his agency and so must be subdued. This is my intervention into the critical conversation surrounding The Mowers Song: whereas while critics, such as Watson and Haber, read Damons dilemma as merely one in hich sexuality brings otherness and isolation, I posit add to this converstion by positing that Julianas presence and Damons subsequent sexual maturation leads to his perceiving sexuality as an innate facet of his environment. This article then looks to recover The Mowers Song as a space in which Marvell dramatizes the tropological shift that Bacon advocates. and critiques the Baconian shift in the terms through which one encounters Nature. Leaving Behind The Boyhood of Knowledge In Novum, Bacon posits a modern historiography, which puts forth the progressive nature of learning. For Bacon, contemporary knowledge appears stagnant: By contrast [to the mechanical arts] philosophy and the intellectual sciences stand like statues, worshipped and celebrated, but not moved forwards. xvi The Bacon charges humanist veneration of the ancient authors had humanism for turning the intellects perspective forever looking backwards through its veneration of classical authors. Such an epistemological position sought truth in the recovery of ancient learning through philology; that is, the closer one could come linguistically to these past texts, the more one could access a golden age of learning. Much of the agenda that Ba con sets out in his scientific writings advocates for the reorienting of our historical perspectiveoutlook. Rather than what Bacon sees as the humanists nostalgia for antiquity, the disciple of the new science will be focused on the present and future. This reversal of history, in which the past becomes merely prelude to the present, demands a new ontology of truth: As regards authors, it is utterly feeble to grant them so much but to deny his rights to Time, the author of authors and indeed of all authority. For Truth is rightly described as the daughter of Time, not of Authority. Here Bacons iconoclasm is most pronounced: he sets as antithetical time and authority, each one denoting an opposed epistemology. While authority suggests a textual-based learning that discourages deviation from ancient writings, Bacons claim that truth is the daughter of time liberates the mind from obsequious devotion to the past. The knowledge held in the texts of Aristotle and Plato, for Bacon, should no longer be privileged as representing the maturity of human thought. For the worlds old age is its true antiquity and should apply to our own times, not to the worlds youth, when the ancients lived. For their age which our own point of view is ancient and older, from the worlds point of view is new and younger: Bacon reevaluates the past and repositions the early modern seventeenth-century subject not in a diminished present but on the cusp of an era of discovery. Bacon cites recent innovations and the exploration of the New World as evidence for his historiography: And surely it would be disgraceful in a time when regions of the material globe, that is, of earth, the seas and stars, have been opened up far and wide for us to see, if the limits of our intellectual world were restricted to the narrow discoveries of the ncients. xvii The achievements of Columbus and Galileo necessitated a conception of intellectual history as successive, not in decline. xviii In part, Bacon formulates his progressive model of human intellectual history as a rejection of the preoccupation with words as opposed to things, of which Bacon charges Aristotle as being the original instigator. Notably, in The Masculine Birth, Bacons elderly guide commences his diatribe against ancient philosophers with Aristotle, who leads, for Bacon, the human mind awry by turning its attention towards words: Just when the human mind, borne thither by some favoring gale, had found he rest in a littl e truth, this man presumed to cast the closest tetters on our understandings. He composed an art or manual of madness and made us slaves to words. xix As Bacon will develop further throughout his scientific treatises, Aristotles crime of duping the intellect into the belief that words possess an intrinsic connection with Nature confused the subjective and the objective. That is, the minds fixation on words leads to its mistakenly reading the objective world through its own linguistic constructions. Aristotle, rather than holding the venerable position that umanist tradition had placed him in, becomes the origin of humanitys intellectual fall. Likewise, Bacon remarks that the sin that Aristotle had perpetrated on learning is replayed in the humanist infatuation with ancient texts. In The Advancement, Bacon offers a brief synopsis of the rise in the interest of classical learning, which led to a detrimental obsession with words at the expense of empirical knowledge: This grew speedily to an excess; for men began to hunt more after words than matter more after choiceness of the phrase, and the round and clean composition of the sentence, nd the sweet falling of the clause, and the varying and illustrations of their works with tropes and figures, than after the weight of matter, worth of subject, soundness of argument, life of invention, or depth of Judgment. x The danger of linguistic-based learning is the solipsism in which the mind indulges: the precedence that word assumes over the thing itself, the sign over the referent, turns our mental focus inward. Bacon finds in the humanist preoccupation with words Pygmalions frenzy that fetishizes our linguistic constructs: for words are but images of matter, and xcept they have life of reason and invention, to fall in love with them is all one as to fall in love with a picture. xxi As with Aristotle, the humanists obsession with the word fails to distinguish the self from the other, the subjective from the objective, our linguistic realization of the world from its actuality. Through textually, as opposed to experientially, based learning, Bacon finds that words have become autonomous: instead of facilitating the generation of knowledge, words actually obstruct ones ability to access an objective reality. This epistemology reflects, for Bacon, the mmaturity of the pre-scientific intellect, for the Greeks seem merely the boyhood of knowledge, with the characteristic of boys, that it is good at chattering, but immature and unable to generate. xxii To summarize, Bacon laments that human knowledge is stuck in a pre-sexual stage, characterized by an un(re)productive preoccupation with words that inhibits the encountering of the other beyond the self. The overarching trope that Bacon employs in describing the new stage of human intellectual history is that of male sexual maturation. In considering the above quotation from the preface to his Novum, the boyhood of knowledge that classical uthors represent is marked by impotency: their knowledge, linguistically-based, lacks the ability to sexually encounter Nature, to engage in a (re)productive relationship with a recognized other. This conflation of intellectual and sexual maturity comes through in The Masculine Birth. Here the elderly guide acts as much as teacher as panderer for his young male student. The text indentifies the end goal of the elderly guides instructions as the students ability to engage in a (re)productive relationship with Nature: My dear, dear boy, what I propose is to unite you with things themselves in a chaste, holy, and legal wedlock. Although, as the text presents it, the student has not as yet reached that point of intellectual/sexual maturity, the elderly guide assures the student that once ne nas properly distanced himselt trom Nature he will then be able to bring forth a blessed race of Heroes and Supermen who will overcome the immeasurable helplessness and poverty of the human race. xxiii Bacon, through his character of the elderly guide, defines sexual/intellectual maturation as not Just the penetration of the female other/Nature but also the realization of the social function of this copulation. That is, for Bacon, the sexually/ intellectually mature male subject is one who moves beyond the personal and views his efforts in a public context. In this s ense, both learning and human sexuality most be seasoned with charity. Like the young male who must emotionally separate himself from the female other to properly copulate for the benefit of society, the mind must cleave itself from Nature in order to generate productive knowledge. As Bacon would have the Early Modern subject comprehend his contemporary moment in history, learning, particularly natural philosophy, is about to experience a sexual wakening. No longer will the pre-sexual mindset of the ancient authors confine humanity to mediating its encounter with Nature through solipsistic fantasies. In his Thoughts and Conclusions (1607), Bacon succinctly articulates his identification of ancient Greek philosophy with immature sexuality: Now of this philosophy Aristotle is by universal consent the chief, yet he left nature herself untouched and inviolated, and dissipated his energies in comparing, contrasting and analyzing popular notions about her. xxiv Benjamin Farringtons translation of this unpublished text suggests Bacons overarching indictment of classical philosophy as condemning human learning to a perpetual childhood: in being obsessed with his own mental constructions of Nature, Aristotle allows the human mind to confuse its own fantasy with objective reality and to forgo any material engagement. The notion that Aristotle has left nature untouched and inviolated not only connotes the distance that Aristotle set up between the pre-scientific observer and Nature but also implicitly marks the new adherent of the new philosophy as one who would violate, deflower Nature. The Luxuriant Growth of Nature The correspondence between sexual maturation and humanitys relationship to Nature is a central theme in Marvells Mower poems. Damon, the Mower, The Glowworms, and The Mowers Song chronicle Damons sexual awakening, which, the poems show, has ramifications for Damons perception of his relationship with the meadows. Susan Snyder offers a compelling reading of Damons anxiety over being alienated from Nature that points to the transition of the human subject from a pre-sexual, imaginary state to the recognition of sexual individuality: the overall metaphoric system casts suspicion on sexuality itself. The favored condition here is presexual, with no desire and in fact no discernible differentiation into he and she. xxv The typical Renaissance pastoral Journey, according to Snyder, follows the male protagonist as he leaves a time of unity and allegory to enter into a world of sexuality and death: The Journey is now familiar passage from an Edenic state of natural wholeness through sexual awakening that is also an initiation into individual mortality, which here concludes in a new, negative relation with nature based this time on alienation and death. xxvi The end of the Journey is then separation. Snyder locates this break trom the imaginary stage tor Damon in his sexual awakening brought about by Juliana: Damons song makes apparent the connection between feeling desire and realizing a separate identity. xxvii Sexual awareness then forces one to recognize otherness, and, consequently, the unity of the past, presexual stage is irretrievably lost. My argument here is that as Damon experiences his nascent sexuality, which he initially perceives as an inescapable, preternatural heat that he ascribes to Juliana in Damon, the Mower, not only does he find himself cut off from he reflective relationship that he once enjoyed but also the tropes through which he reads Nature change. To summarize the intellectual shift that I find Damon going through: while the Damon of Damon, the Mower identifies Juliana and the sexuality she comes to represent as external to the meadow, in The Mowers Song the protagonist labels the grasss growth as luxuriant, a word that Marvell invests with sexual connotations a point that I elaborate on further below. Critical discussion of the Mower poems generally characterizes Damon as a solitary pastoral fgure: Damons environment is devoid of any other persons, save Juliana and the wandrring mowers in The Mower to the Glow-worms. Damon imaginatively creates a world that is populated by a personified Nature: the sun that licks off [his] sweat, the eVning sweet that bathes his feet in cowslip water, or the deathless fairies whom he leads in dance (Damon the Mower Ins. 45-8, 61-4). xxviii Yet with Julianas entrance and the recognition of his own sexuality, Damon no longer finds himself co-eternal with his environment. Juliana brings with he r the imperative that Damon must come to grips with his own individuality. Yet this account is only half of the story, as I read it. What scholars of the poem overlook is the fundamental shift in how Damon reads his environment, which reflects the new tropology that Bacon demands for human learning. Damons reading of Nature/ the meadows goes through a fundamental transition along similar lines to those which Bacon demands for human learning. While Damon is not completely aware of his mental transition, Marvell means for the reader to notice and question the new terms on which Damon encounters the meadows. It is not that we are meant to perceive Damon as reaching a truer account of Nature, i. . as a sexual other to be dominated, but instead to itness the consequences of a mind that perceives Nature this way. On this basis, I bring to light Marvells rejection of Baconian thought: whereas Bacon finds the sexualizing of Nature as restorative, through Damons tragedy Marvell avers such a path as isolating and destructive. The opening stanza of the poem finds Damon mourning the loss of the union that once existed between his internal reality and his environment: My mind was once the true survey Of all these meadows fresh and gay (Ins. -2) In this idyllic state of correspondence, Damon could read his world as merely himself rit large; the grass became as a symbol of his own Joy. The meadows were reflective of Damons subjectivity and, when interpreted properly, reveal the similitudes between the human subject and the natural world. This youthful epistemology renders the human subject passive regarding his interaction with Nature. Damon does not concern himself much with the meadows materiality but rather is preoccupied with their metaphorical import: the grasss greenness has significance for him solely when he can see it as connoting his interiority. Notable, also, is the narcissism that underlies Damons worldview. The tundamental beliet ot Damons epistemology that Nature is simply composed of signs through which Damon could read himself creates a knowledge that is inwardly directed. Damons knowledge of Nature, derivesd primarily from a hermeneutics of signs and not an engagement with things, echoes the pre-modern epistemology Bacon finds as more focused on deformed images produced by the unequal mirror of the postlapsarian mind. xix The opening line of the poem further reveals that Damon unconsciously now occupies a fallen postlapsarian perspective. Damon appears incognizant of the ntellectual transition that he has undergone. To claim that his mind was once a true survey of the meadows raises concerns as to the state of mindintellectual state from which he is presently speaking. If in what seems to be the unrecoverable past Damon could read Nature correctly, how is the new relationship that he constructs between Nature and hi mself to be read? Damons opening lament at the loss of his earlier mindset, in which existed a harmony between the external and the internal, I believe, removes the reader from the drama that Damon perceives between himself and the meadows. Damon is ignorant to the full implication of his statement; that is, for him, his intellect has not altered, but rather it is the meadows who have abandoned the fellowship between them. However, Marvell, in distancing the reader from his protagonist, holds up for scrutiny the mindset that Damon now occupies. What has been lost to Damon is not, as he Marvell would have the reader believe, the fidelity of his environment to his internal state but instead his ability to perceive such a relationship. So whereas Damon projects the drama of the poem outwardly onto the meadows, the poem relocates the crisis internally within the mind. Essentially, Damon makes the same mistake as he does when he first meets Juliana, which I discuss immediately below: he misreads his own inner turmoil, his intellectual crises, he misreads as an external phenomenon. In Marvells earlier Mower poem, Damon the Mower, Damons tropology presents Nature itself not only as asexual, but also sexuality becomes a destructive, alien force. In the first poem of the Mower sequence, Damon portrays Juliana as emitting a preternatural heat, which appears destructive for both the Mower and the environment alike: This heat the sun could never raise, Nor Dog Star so inflames the days. It from an higher beauty growth Which burns the fields and mower both: Which mads the dog, and makes the sun Hotter than his own Phaeton. No July causeth these extremes, But Julianas scorching beams. Ins. 17-24) As typical of Damon in this earlier stage of consciousness, the internal and the external blur together: his nascent sexual passion for Juliana Damon projects back onto her the heat that he misperceives as emanating from her only to have it threaten the fields and himself. Ironically, Damons confusion about whether this heat emanates from the hot day, or hot desires, leads h im to seek refuge in the xternal, a cool cave or gelid fountain (Ins. 25-32). His fictional world appears resistant yet vulnerable to the sexual passion Juliana provokes in Damon. The asexual tantastical environment that Damon creates, which ne reads himselt in union witn must exclude Julianas presence. Marvell, like Bacon, appears to raise concerns over pre-modern metaphorical perspective as being solipsistic and non-reproductive. Damons gift to Juliana of a harmless snake disarmed of its teeth and sting (Ins. 35-6) speaks to this asexuality: Damons feckless courting in offering the snake, endered impotent, denotes how alien Juliana and the mature sexuality she comes to represent are to his child-like mind. xxx Likewise, The Garden pivots on this same dichotomy between the sexual and the natural. Stanza Ill imagines this antagonism in the image of the tree scarred by lovers inscriptions: No white nor red was ever seen So amrous as this lovely green. Fond lovers, cruel as their flames, Cut in these their mistress name. (Ins. 16-20) Again sexuality appears as an annihilating force that seeks the ruin or perversion of Nature. As with Julianas supposed preternatural heat, the passion of the fond overs become a cruel ruinous flame inimical to a presexual, symbiotic communion with pristine Nature. Jonathan Crewe correctly points out that sexual desire is foreign to the first pastoral world, and is in effect overwritten on it. In this sense, sexuality becomes an imposition, overtly indicated by the speakers tirade against the luxurious gardener whose lustful acts abuse the natural world in The Mower Against Gardens. xxxi Given that in Damon, the Mower sexuality seems alien from a pre-sexual Nature, The Mowers Song marks a profound shiftstark transition in Damons metaphorical tropol ogical framework. Damons ability to take solace in an interpretation of Nature meant entirely for his comfort is obliterated by the imagined indifference of the meadows. Damon now realizes himself as isolated from Nature, recognizing the boundary between the self and the other. However, rather than giving himself over to a solely material universe, one evacuated of any figurative meaning, Damon delves into a new tropological project. The loss that Damon grieves for, the inability within his new tropological paradigmthis interpretation of Nature to easily blur the subjective and the objective, becomes an motional betrayal by the meadows: the growth of the now unthankful meadows signals that they have forgone a fellowship so true (Ins. 3-4). Watson claims that Damon continues to anthropomorphize his environment only now engaging the meadows confrontationally: He has ceased to intervene with his blade, but his mind is still subjugating the grasses to human purposes: they are mocking him only because he has ceased mowing them, but in another sense, they are mocking him only because he has made them volitional and conscious creatures. xxxii For Watson, h en, what primarily denotes Damons tropological shift is the recognition of Nature as possessing a separate will, inimical to Damons own will. Yet an important and overlooked facet of Damons mental transformation, I argue, is that meadows have now become a sexual entity for him:. But these, while I with sorrow pine, Grew more luxuriant still and fine (Ins. 7-8) This moment when Damon notes the lack of correspondence between his internal turmoil and the grass also suggests sexuality as now being part of Nature. The growth of the grass is now luxuriant, a word that possesses sexual implications,